If a given philosophy is necessarily true that means all others not aligned are false. A philosophy is a belief system which to me is personal to the individual. Utilitarianism is a philosophy. If you're part of the greater good it's true. If you're not, it's not so good. So I do not believe that any particular philosophy is necessarily true. Some are definitely false, like religious philosophy,since it's based on a false premise.

Not sure where the math comes in. The Golden Rule is a philosophy that has nothing to do with math.

[telegraph.co.uk]

Keep reading. After Aristotle try Plato. Aristotle was a student of Plato.

Every philosophy starts out or is premised on some basic assumptions. Those assumptions may be empirically true, empirically false, or unprovable. The accurate interpretation of a philosophy is that which its creator(s) intended. An accurate analysis of a philosophy is based on analysis of the basic underlying assumptions, empirical analysis of purported statement of fact, and examination of the philosophy's internal logic. It may be possible to base a philosophy on math, but most are not,so based.

You can write PhD level dissertations based on the first question so I would dare not try to address it here.
As for the 2nd one, I would make a claim that mathematics has the ability to explain everything we know of ergo philosophy can fall into it.

Logic is deterministic and axiomatic mathematics is often used as a basis for logic.

Uncertainty is probabilistic and you can also invoke chaos theory there.
Unknown systems can be modeled pretty well mathematically if you have enough data and a form of model which fits the data. That's how the scientific method work.

I hope that was of some help.

Nothing empirical is necessarily true or false, everything empirical is necessarily contingent.

Philosophy is the love of wisdom literally.

Philosophy is not necessarily mathematical, in so far as it concerns our being in the world, mathematics is different in kind from nature.

Aristotle - the 1st to believe in an infinite Universe.

Yes and no to both. No one size fits all. LLOL

I just take it around with me subconsciously in my brain?